KaTeX website & documentation (#1484)

* website/docs: initial commit

* Change secondaryColor

* Fix index.css not being copied and included on global stylesheet

* Fix stylesheet link

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* Change documentation link to API(Usage)

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* Add `Libraries` in usage

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* Remove documentation from `README.md` and add link to the site

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* Use KaTeX in the parent directory to build Markdown

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* Revise function support page. Avoid error msgs.

* General edit to function support page
This commit is contained in:
ylemkimon
2018-07-27 12:19:40 +09:00
committed by Kevin Barabash
parent 83e8eac0a5
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---
id: api
title: API
---
## In-browser rendering
Call `katex.render` with a TeX expression and a DOM element to render into:
```js
katex.render("c = \\pm\\sqrt{a^2 + b^2}", element);
```
To avoid escaping the backslash (double backslash), you can use
[`String.raw`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/raw)
(but beware that `${`, `\u` and `\x` may still need escaping):
```js
katex.render(String.raw`c = \pm\sqrt{a^2 + b^2}`, element);
```
If KaTeX can't parse the expression, it throws a `ParseError`. See [handling errors](error.md)
for configuring how to handle errors.
## Server side rendering or rendering to a string
To generate HTML on the server or to generate an HTML string of the rendered math, you can use `katex.renderToString`:
```js
var html = katex.renderToString("c = \\pm\\sqrt{a^2 + b^2}");
// '<span class="katex">...</span>'
```

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---
id: autorender
title: Auto-render Extension
---
This is an extension to automatically render all of the math inside of text. It
searches all of the text nodes in a given element for the given delimiters, and
renders the math in place.
## Usage
This extension isn't part of KaTeX proper, so the script needs to be included
(via a `<script>` tag) in the page along with KaTeX itself. For example,
using a CDN:
```html
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.10.0-beta/dist/katex.min.css" integrity="sha384-9tPv11A+glH/on/wEu99NVwDPwkMQESOocs/ZGXPoIiLE8MU/qkqUcZ3zzL+6DuH" crossorigin="anonymous">
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.10.0-beta/dist/katex.min.js" integrity="sha384-U8Vrjwb8fuHMt6ewaCy8uqeUXv4oitYACKdB0VziCerzt011iQ/0TqlSlv8MReCm" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.10.0-beta/dist/contrib/auto-render.min.js" integrity="sha384-aGfk5kvhIq5x1x5YdvCp4upKZYnA8ckafviDpmWEKp4afOZEqOli7gqSnh8I6enH" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
```
Then, call the exposed `renderMathInElement` function in a script tag
before the close body tag:
```html
<body>
...
<script>
renderMathInElement(document.body);
</script>
</body>
```
If you prefer to have all your setup inside the html `<head>`,
you can use the following script there
(instead of the one above at the end of the `<body>`):
```html
<head>
...
<script>
document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() {
renderMathInElement(document.body);
});
</script>
...
</head>
```
## API
This extension exposes a single function, `window.renderMathInElement`, with
the following API:
```js
function renderMathInElement(elem, options)
```
`elem` is an HTML DOM element. The function will recursively search for text
nodes inside this element and render the math in them.
`options` is an optional object argument that can have the same keys as [the
object passed to `katex.render`](https://github.com/Khan/KaTeX/#rendering-options),
in addition to two auto-render-specific keys:
- `delimiters`: This is a list of delimiters to look for math. Each delimiter
has three properties:
- `left`: A string which starts the math expression (i.e. the left delimiter).
- `right`: A string which ends the math expression (i.e. the right delimiter).
- `display`: A boolean of whether the math in the expression should be
rendered in display mode or not.
The default value is:
```js
[
{left: "$$", right: "$$", display: true},
{left: "\\(", right: "\\)", display: false},
{left: "\\[", right: "\\]", display: true}
]
```
- `ignoredTags`: This is a list of DOM node types to ignore when recursing
through. The default value is
`["script", "noscript", "style", "textarea", "pre", "code"]`.
- `errorCallback`: A callback method returning a message and an error stack
in case of an critical error during rendering. The default uses `console.error`.
The `displayMode` property of the options object is ignored, and is
instead taken from the `display` key of the corresponding entry in the
`delimiters` key.
The same `options.macros` object (which defaults to an empty object `{}`)
is passed into several calls to `katex.render`, so that consecutive equations
can build up shared macros by `\gdef`.

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---
id: browser
title: Browser
---
> KaTeX supports all major browsers, including Chrome, Safari, Firefox, Opera, Edge, and IE 9 - IE 11.
## CDN(Content Delivery Network)
Use CDN to deliver KaTeX to your project:
```html
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.10.0-beta/dist/katex.js" integrity="sha256-9uW7yW4EwdUyWU2PHu+Ccek7+xbQpDTDS5OBP0qDrTM=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.10.0-beta/dist/katex.css" integrity="sha256-T4bfkilI7rlQXG1R8kqn+FGhe56FhZmqmp9x75Lw4s8=" crossorigin="anonymous">
```
KaTeX also provides minified versions:
```html
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.10.0-beta/dist/katex.min.js" integrity="sha256-mxaM9VWtRj1wBtn50/EDUUe4m3t39ExE+xEPyrxVB8I=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.10.0-beta/dist/katex.min.css" integrity="sha256-sI/DdD47R/Sa54XZDNFjRWlS+Dv8MC5xfkqQLRh0Jes=" crossorigin="anonymous">
```
## Download & Host Things Yourself
Download the latest version from [here](https://github.com/Khan/KaTeX/releases),
copy `katex.js`, `katex.css`(or `katex.min.js` and `katex.min.css` to use minified
versions) and `fonts` from `/katex`, and include like above.
## Bundler
Use [`Node.js` package managers](node.md) to install KaTeX and require it in your
project. Then bundle using bundlers like [webpack](https://webpack.js.org/) or
[rollup.js](https://rollupjs.org/). Note that you have to bundle the stylesheet(`katex.css`)
or include it manually.

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---
id: cli
title: CLI
---
KaTeX installed [using Node.js package managers](node.md) comes with a built-in CLI
which can be used to render TeX to HTML from the command line. By default, CLI will
take the input from `stdin`.
```bash
npx katex
```
> Above uses the `npx` command to run the locally installed executable.
You can execute with the relative path: `./node_modules/.bin/katex`
> To use CLI from local clone, you need to build the project first by
running `npm run dist`
# Usage
## `-d, --display-mode`
If true the math will be rendered in display mode, which will put the math in
display style (so `\int` and `\sum` are large, for example), and will center the
math on the page on its own line. [false]
## `-t, --no-throw-on-error`
If true, KaTeX will throw a ParseError when it encounters an unsupported command.
If false, KaTeX will render the unsupported command as text in the color given by
errorColor. [true]
## `-c color, --error-color color`
A color string given in the format 'rgb' or 'rrggbb'. This option determines the
color which unsupported commands are rendered in. [#cc0000]
## `-b, --color-is-text-color`
Makes \color behave like LaTeX's 2-argument \textcolor, instead of LaTeX's
one-argument \color mode change. [false]
## `-u, --unicode-text-in-math-mode`
Add support for unicode text characters in math mode. [false]
## `-s size, --max-size size`
If non-zero, all user-specified sizes, e.g. in \rule{500em}{500em}, will be capped
to maxSize ems. Otherwise, elements and spaces can be arbitrarily large [0]
## `-m macro:expansion, --macro macro:expansion`
A custom macro. Each macro is a property with a name like \name which maps to a
string that describes the expansion of the macro. []
## `-f path, --macro-file path`
Read macro definitions from the given file.
## `-i path, --input path`
Read LaTeX input from the given file.
## `-o path, --output path`
Write html output to the given file.

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---
id: error
title: Handling Errors
---
If KaTeX encounters an error (invalid or unsupported LaTeX) and `throwOnError`
hasn't been set to `false`, then it will throw an exception of type
`ParseError`. The message in this error includes some of the LaTeX
source code, so needs to be escaped if you want to render it to HTML.
In particular, you should convert `&`, `<`, `>` characters to
`&amp;`, `&lt;`, `&gt;` (e.g., using `_.escape`)
before including either LaTeX source code or exception messages in your
HTML/DOM. (Failure to escape in this way makes a `<script>` injection
attack possible if your LaTeX source is untrusted.)
Alternatively, you can set `throwOnError` to `false` to use built-in behavior
of rendering the LaTeX source code with hover text stating the error.

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---
id: font
title: Font
---
By changing the variables in the `fonts.less` file at the [katex-fonts submodule](https://github.com/KaTeX/katex-fonts/),
several properties of the way fonts are used can be changed.
## Font size and lengths
By default, KaTeX math is rendered in a 1.21× larger font than the surrounding
context, which makes super- and subscripts easier to read. You can control
this using CSS, for example:
```css
.katex { font-size: 1.1em; }
```
KaTeX supports all TeX units, including absolute units like `cm` and `in`.
Absolute units are currently scaled relative to the default TeX font size of
10pt, so that `\kern1cm` produces the same results as `\kern2.845275em`.
As a result, relative and absolute units are both uniformly scaled relative
to LaTeX with a 10pt font; for example, the rectangle `\rule{1cm}{1em}` has
the same aspect ratio in KaTeX as in LaTeX. However, because most browsers
default to a larger font size, this typically means that a 1cm kern in KaTeX
will appear larger than 1cm in browser units.
## Kinds of fonts used
The default build of KaTeX includes each of the needed fonts in three different formats: `ttf`, `woff`, and `woff2`.
- `ttf`s are included to support old versions of Chrome, Safari, Firefox, etc. (By old, I mean Firefox 3.5, Chrome <5, Safari <=5.1 all of which are no longer supported: see [woff](http://caniuse.com/#search=woff) vs [ttf](http://caniuse.com/#search=ttf)).
- `woff` is the format that is most widely supported (all modern browsers support it), so it probably provides the most benefit to being included.
- `woff2`s are included for very new versions of Chrome, because they are much smaller and faster to load.
Based on this information and what you want to support with your website, you might decide to include different versions of the fonts besides what comes with the standard installation.
For example, if you wanted to create a trimmed down version of KaTeX, you could only include the `woff` files and gain the most support with the least number of files. To do this:
1. Set `@use-ttf`, and `@use-woff2` to `false` at the top of [fonts.less](https://github.com/KaTeX/katex-fonts/blob/master/fonts.less).
2. Rebuild KaTeX by running `npm run build` from the top-level directory.
3. Include only the `build/fonts/*.woff2` files in your distribution.
## Location of font files
The default build of KaTeX expects the KaTeX fonts to be located in a directory called `fonts` which is a sibling of the `katex.min.css` stylesheet. This can be changed as such:
1. At the top of the [fonts.less](https://github.com/KaTeX/katex-fonts/blob/master/fonts.less) file, set `@font-folder` to the location of your fonts. You can use relative or absolute paths, so setting it to `"/fonts"` would cause it to search for the fonts in a root `fonts` folder, while `"../fonts"` would search in a `fonts` directory one level above the `katex.min.css` file.
2. Rebuild KaTeX by running `npm run build` from the top-level directory.
3. Use the newly generated `build/katex.min.css` file, and place the fonts where you indicated.

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---
id: issues
title: Common Issues
---
- Many Markdown preprocessors, such as the one that Jekyll and GitHub Pages use,
have a "smart quotes" feature. This changes `'` to `` which is an issue for
math containing primes, e.g. `f'`. This can be worked around by defining a
single character macro which changes them back, e.g. `{"", "'"}`.
- KaTeX follows LaTeX's rendering of `aligned` and `matrix` environments unlike
MathJax. When displaying fractions one above another in these vertical
layouts there may not be enough space between rows for people who are used to
MathJax's rendering. The distance between rows can be adjusted by using
`\\[0.1em]` instead of the standard line separator distance.
- KaTeX does not support the `align` environment because LaTeX doesn't support
`align` in math mode. The `aligned` environment offers the same functionality
but in math mode, so use that instead or define a macro that maps `align` to
`aligned`.
- MathJax defines `\color` to be like `\textcolor` by default; set KaTeX's
`colorIsTextColor` option to `true` for this behavior. KaTeX's default
behavior matches MathJax with its `color.js` extension enabled.

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---
id: libs
title: Libraries
---
## Angular2+
- [ng-katex](https://github.com/garciparedes/ng-katex) Angular module to write beautiful math expressions with TeX syntax boosted by KaTeX library
## React
- [react-latex](https://github.com/zzish/react-latex) React component to render latex strings, based on KaTeX
- [react-katex](https://github.com/talyssonoc/react-katex) React components that use KaTeX to typeset math expressions
## Ruby
- [katex-ruby](https://github.com/glebm/katex-ruby) Provides server-side rendering and integration with popular Ruby web frameworks (Rails, Hanami, and anything that uses Sprockets).
## AsciiMath
If you want to render math written in [AsciiMath](http://asciimath.org/),
you'll need to first convert AsciiMath into LaTeX input, then call KaTeX.
- [asciimath2tex](https://github.com/christianp/asciimath2tex)
converts AsciiMath to TeX, with KaTeX in mind

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---
id: node
title: Node.js
---
## npm
Install with `npm`:
```bash
npm install katex
# or globally
npm install -g katex
```
## Yarn
Install with `Yarn`:
```bash
yarn add katex
# or globally
yarn global add katex
```
<br>
> You can manually download the package from [here](https://github.com/Khan/KaTeX/releases)

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---
id: options
title: Options
---
You can provide an object of options as the last argument to `katex.render` and `katex.renderToString`. Available options are:
- `displayMode`: `boolean`. If `true` the math will be rendered in display mode, which will put the math in display style (so `\int` and `\sum` are large, for example), and will center the math on the page on its own line. If `false` the math will be rendered in inline mode. (default: `false`)
- `throwOnError`: `boolean`. If `true` (the default), KaTeX will throw a `ParseError` when it encounters an unsupported command or invalid LaTeX. If `false`, KaTeX will render unsupported commands as text, and render invalid LaTeX as its source code with hover text giving the error, in the color given by `errorColor`.
- `errorColor`: `string`. A color string given in the format `"#XXX"` or `"#XXXXXX"`. This option determines the color that unsupported commands and invalid LaTeX are rendered in when `throwOnError` is set to `false`. (default: `#cc0000`)
- `macros`: `object`. A collection of custom macros. Each macro is a property with a name like `\name` (written `"\\name"` in JavaScript) which maps to a string that describes the expansion of the macro. Single-character keys can also be included in which case the character will be redefined as the given macro (similar to TeX active characters). *This object will be modified* if the LaTeX code defines its own macros via `\gdef`, which enables consecutive calls to KaTeX to share state.
- `colorIsTextColor`: `boolean`. If `true`, `\color` will work like LaTeX's `\textcolor`, and take two arguments (e.g., `\color{blue}{hello}`), which restores the old behavior of KaTeX (pre-0.8.0). If `false` (the default), `\color` will work like LaTeX's `\color`, and take one argument (e.g., `\color{blue}hello`). In both cases, `\textcolor` works as in LaTeX (e.g., `\textcolor{blue}{hello}`).
- `maxSize`: `number`. All user-specified sizes, e.g. in `\rule{500em}{500em}`, will be capped to `maxSize` ems. If set to `Infinity` (the default), users can make elements and spaces arbitrarily large.
- `maxExpand`: `number`. Limit the number of macro expansions to the specified number, to prevent e.g. infinite macro loops. If set to `Infinity`, the macro expander will try to fully expand as in LaTeX. (default: 1000)
- `allowedProtocols`: `string[]`. Allowed protocols in `\href`. Use `_relative` to allow relative urls, and `*` to allow all protocols. (default: `["http", "https", "mailto", "_relative"]`)
- `strict`: `boolean` or `string` or `function` (default: `"warn"`). If `false` or `"ignore`", allow features that make writing LaTeX convenient but are not actually supported by (Xe)LaTeX (similar to MathJax). If `true` or `"error"` (LaTeX faithfulness mode), throw an error for any such transgressions. If `"warn"` (the default), warn about such behavior via `console.warn`. Provide a custom function `handler(errorCode, errorMsg, token)` to customize behavior depending on the type of transgression (summarized by the string code `errorCode` and detailed in `errorMsg`); this function can also return `"ignore"`, `"error"`, or `"warn"` to use a built-in behavior. A list of such features and their `errorCode`s:
- `"unknownSymbol"`: Use of unknown Unicode symbol, which will likely also
lead to warnings about missing character metrics, and layouts may be
incorrect (especially in terms of vertical heights).
- `"unicodeTextInMathMode"`: Use of Unicode text characters in math mode.
- `"mathVsTextUnits"`: Mismatch of math vs. text commands and units/mode.
A second category of `errorCode`s never throw errors, but their strictness
affects the behavior of KaTeX:
- `"newLineInDisplayMode"`: Use of `\\` or `\newline` in display mode
(outside an array/tabular environment). In strict mode, no line break
results, as in LaTeX.
For example:
```js
katex.render("c = \\pm\\sqrt{a^2 + b^2}\\in\\RR", element, {
displayMode: true,
macros: {
"\\RR": "\\mathbb{R}"
}
});
```

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---
id: security
title: Security
---
Any HTML generated by KaTeX *should* be safe from `<script>` or other code
injection attacks.
(See `maxSize` below for preventing large width/height visual affronts,
see `maxExpand` below for preventing infinite macro loop attacks, and
see `allowedProtocols` below for preventing certain protocols in `\href`)
Of course, it is always a good idea to sanitize the HTML, though you will need
a rather generous whitelist (including some of SVG and MathML) to support
all of KaTeX.
> If you discovered a security issue, please let us know via https://hackerone.com/khanacademy

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---
id: supported
title: Supported Functions
---
This is a list of TeX functions supported by KaTeX. It is sorted into logical groups.
For a list of things that are not (yet) in KaTeX, there is a [wiki page](https://github.com/Khan/KaTeX/wiki/Things-that-KaTeX-does-not-%28yet%29-support).
## Accents
||||
|:----------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------|:-----
|$a'$ `a'` |$\tilde{a}$ `\tilde{a}`|$\mathring{g}$ `\mathring{g}`
|$a''$ `a''`|$\widetilde{ac}$ `\widetilde{ac}` |$\overgroup{AB}$ `\overgroup{AB}`
|$a^{\prime}$ `a^{\prime}` |$\utilde{AB}$ `\utilde{AB}` |$\undergroup{AB}$ `\undergroup{AB}`
|$\acute{a}$ `\acute{a}`|$\vec{F}$ `\vec{F}` |$\Overrightarrow{AB}$ `\Overrightarrow{AB}`
|$\bar{y}$ `\bar{y}` |$\overleftarrow{AB}$ `\overleftarrow{AB}`|$\overrightarrow{AB}$ `\overrightarrow{AB}`
|$\breve{a}$ `\breve{a}`|$\underleftarrow{AB}$ `\underleftarrow{AB}` |$\underrightarrow{AB}$ `\underrightarrow{AB}`
|$\check{a}$ `\check{a}`|$\overleftharpoon{ac}$ `\overleftharpoon{ac}` |$\overrightharpoon{ac}$ `\overrightharpoon{ac}`
|$\dot{a}$ `\dot{a}` |$\overleftrightarrow{AB}$ `\overleftrightarrow{AB}` |$\overbrace{AB}$ `\overbrace{AB}`
|$\ddot{a}$ `\ddot{a}` |$\underleftrightarrow{AB}$ `\underleftrightarrow{AB}`|$\underbrace{AB}$ `\underbrace{AB}`
|$\grave{a}$ `\grave{a}`|$\overline{AB}$ `\overline{AB}` |$\overlinesegment{AB}$ `\overlinesegment{AB}`
|$\hat{\theta}$ `\hat{\theta}`|$\underline{AB}$ `\underline{AB}` |$\underlinesegment{AB}$ `\underlinesegment{AB}`
|$\widehat{ac}$ `\widehat{ac}`|$\widecheck{ac}$ `\widecheck{ac}` |
***Accent functions inside \\text{…}***
|||||
|:---------------------|:---------------------|:---------------------|:-----
|$\text{\'{a}}$ `\'{a}`|$\text{\~{a}}$ `\~{a}`|$\text{\.{a}}$ `\.{a}`|$\text{\H{a}}$ `\H{a}`
|$\text{\`{a}}$ `\`{a}`|$\text{\={a}}$ `\={a}`|$\text{\"{a}}$ `\"{a}`|$\text{\v{a}}$ `\v{a}`
|$\text{\^{a}}$ `\^{a}`|$\text{\u{a}}$ `\u{a}`|$\text{\r{a}}$ `\r{a}`|
See also [letters](#letters)
## Delimiters
||||||
|:-----------------------------------|:---------------------------------------|:----------|:-------------------------------------------------------|:-----
|$( )$ `( )` |$\lt~\gt$ `\lt \gt` |$⌈~⌉$ `⌈ ⌉`|$\lceil~\rceil$ `\lceil`<br>`\rceil` |$\uparrow$ `\uparrow`
|$[ ]$ `[ ]` |$\lbrack~\rbrack$ `\lbrack`<br>$~~~~$`\rbrack`|$⌊~⌋$ `⌊ ⌋`|$\lfloor~\rfloor$ `\lfloor`<br>$~~~~$`\rfloor` |$\downarrow$ `\downarrow`
|$\{ \}$ `\{ \}`|$\lbrace \rbrace$ `\lbrace`<br>$~~~~$`\rbrace`|$⎰⎱$ `⎰⎱` |$\lmoustache \rmoustache$ `\lmoustache`<br>$~~~~$`\rmoustache`|$\updownarrow$ `\updownarrow`
|$⟨~⟩$ `⟨ ⟩` |$\langle~\rangle$ `\langle`<br>$~~~~$`\rangle`|$⟮~⟯$ `⟮ ⟯`|$\lgroup~\rgroup$ `\lgroup`<br>`\rgroup` |$\Uparrow$ `\Uparrow`
|$\vert$ $\colorbox{#f3f3f4}{\textbar}$ |$\vert$ `\vert` |$┌ ┐$ `┌ ┐`|$\ulcorner \urcorner$ `\ulcorner`<br>$~~~~$`\urcorner` |$\Downarrow$ `\Downarrow`
|$\Vert$ $\colorbox{#f3f3f4}{\textbar\textbar}$ |$\Vert$ `\Vert` |$└ ┘$ `└ ┘`|$\llcorner \lrcorner$ `\llcorner`<br>$~~~~$`\lrcorner` |$\Updownarrow$ `\Updownarrow`
|$\lvert~\rvert$ `\lvert`<br>$~~~~$`\rvert`|$\lVert~\rVert$ `\lVert`<br>$~~~~$`\rVert` |`\left.`| `\right.` |$\backslash$ `\backslash`
**Delimiter Sizing**
$\left(\LARGE{AB}\right)$ `\left(\LARGE{AB}\right)`
$( \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg($ `( \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg(`
|||||
|:--------|:------|:--------|:------|
|`\left` |`\big` |`\bigl` |`\bigr`
|`\middle`|`\Big` |`\Bigl` |`\Bigr`
|`\right` |`\bigg`|`\biggl` |`\biggr`
| |`\Bigg`|`\Biggl` |`\Biggr`
## Environments
|||||
|:---------------------|:---------------------|:---------------------|:-----
|$\begin{matrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{matrix}$ | `\begin{matrix}`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`a & b \\`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`c & d`<br>`\end{matrix}` |$\begin{array}{cc}a & b\\c & d\end{array}$ | `\begin{array}{cc}`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`a & b \\`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`c & d`<br>`\end{array}`
|$\begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix}$ |`\begin{pmatrix}`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`a & b \\`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`c & d`<br>`\end{pmatrix}` |$\begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{bmatrix}$ | `\begin{bmatrix}`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`a & b \\`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`c & d`<br>`\end{bmatrix}`
|$\begin{vmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{vmatrix}$ |`\begin{vmatrix}`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`a & b \\`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`c & d`<br>`\end{vmatrix}` |$\begin{Vmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{Vmatrix}$ |`\begin{Vmatrix}`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`a & b \\`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`c & d`<br>`\end{Vmatrix}`
|$\begin{Bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{Bmatrix}$ |`\begin{Bmatrix}`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`a & b \\`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`c & d`<br>`\end{Bmatrix}`|$\def\arraystretch{1.5}\begin{array}{c:c:c} a & b & c \\ \hline d & e & f \\ \hdashline g & h & i \end{array}$|`\def\arraystretch{1.5}`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`\begin{array}{c:c:c}`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`a & b & c \\ \hline`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`d & e & f \\`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`\hdashline`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`g & h & i`<br>`\end{array}`
|$\begin{aligned} a&=b+c \\ d+e&=f \end{aligned}$ |`\begin{aligned}`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`a&=b+c \\`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`d+e&=f`<br>`\end{aligned}`|$\begin{alignedat}{2}10&x+&3&y=2\\3&x+&13&y=4\end{alignedat}$ |`\begin{alignedat}{2}`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`10&x+ &3&y = 2 \\`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;` 3&x+&13&y = 4`<br>`\end{alignedat}`
|$\begin{gathered} a=b \\ e=b+c \end{gathered}$ |`\begin{gathered}`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`a=b \\ `<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`e=b+c`<br>`\end{gathered}`|$x = \begin{cases} a &\text{if } b \\ c &\text{if } d \end{cases}$ |`x = \begin{cases}`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`a &\text{if } b \\`<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`c &\text{if } d`<br>`\end{cases}`
KaTeX also supports `darray` and `dcases`.
Acceptable line separators include: `\\`, `\cr`, `\\[distance]`, and `\cr[distance]`. *Distance* can be written with any of the [KaTeX units](#units).
The `{array}` environment supports `|` and `:` vertical separators.
The `{array}` environment does not yet support `\cline` or `\multicolumn`.
## HTML
$\href{https://khan.github.io/KaTeX/}{KaTeX}$ `\href{https://khan.github.io/KaTeX/}{KaTeX}`
## Letters and Unicode
**Greek Letters**
Direct Input: $Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω$<br>
$α β γ δ ϵ ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ o π ρ σ τ υ ϕ χ ψ ω ε ϑ ϖ ϱ ς φ$
|||||
|---------------|-------------|-------------|---------------|
| $\Gamma$ `\Gamma`| $\Delta$ `\Delta` | $\Theta$ `\Theta` | $\Lambda$ `\Lambda` |
| $\Xi$ `\Xi`| $\Pi$ `\Pi` | $\Sigma$ `\Sigma` | $\Upsilon$ `\Upsilon` |
| $\Phi$ `\Phi` | $\Psi$ `\Psi`| $\Omega$ `\Omega` ||
| $\varGamma$ `\varGamma`| $\varDelta$ `\varDelta` | $\varTheta$ `\varTheta` | $\varLambda$ `\varLambda` |
| $\varXi$ `\varXi`| $\varPi$ `\varPi` | $\varSigma$ `\varSigma` | $\varUpsilon$ `\varUpsilon` |
| $\varPhi$ `\varPhi` | $\varPsi$ `\varPsi`| $\varOmega$ `\varOmega` ||
| $\alpha$ `\alpha`| $\beta$ `\beta` | $\gamma$ `\gamma` | $\delta$ `\delta`|
| $\epsilon$ `\epsilon` | $\zeta$ `\zeta` | $\eta$ `\eta`| $\theta$ `\theta`|
| $\iota$ `\iota` | $\kappa$ `\kappa` | $\lambda$ `\lambda`| $\mu$ `\mu`|
| $\nu$ `\nu`| $\xi$ `\xi` | $\omicron$ `\omicron` | $\pi$ `\pi`|
| $\rho$ `\rho` | $\sigma$ `\sigma` | $\tau$ `\tau`| $\upsilon$ `\upsilon` |
| $\phi$ `\phi` | $\chi$ `\chi`| $\psi$ `\psi`| $\omega$ `\omega`|
| $\varepsilon$ `\varepsilon` | $\varkappa$ `\varkappa` | $\vartheta$ `\vartheta` | $\varpi$ `\varpi`|
| $\varrho$ `\varrho` | $\varsigma$ `\varsigma` | $\varphi$ `\varphi`| $\digamma $ `\digamma `|
**Other Letters**
||||||
|------------|-----------|----------|---------|----------|
| $\imath$ `imath` | $\eth$ `\eth` | $\Im$ `\Im`| $\text{\aa}$ `\text{\aa}`| $\text{\o}$ `\text{\o}` |
| $\jmath$ `\jmath`| $\Finv$ `\Finv`| $\Re$ `\Re`| $\text{\AA}$ `\text{\AA}`| $\text{\O}$ `\text{\O}` |
| $\aleph$ `\aleph`| $\Game$ `\Game`| $\wp$ `\wp`| $\text{\ae}$ `\text{\ae}`| $\text{\ss}$ `\text{\ss}` |
| $\beth$ `\beth` | $\ell$ `\ell` | $\partial$ `\partial` | $\text{\AE}$ `\text{\AE}`| $\text{\i}$ `\text{\i}` |
| $\gimel$ `\gimel`| $\hbar$ `\hbar`| $\nabla$ `\nabla`| $\text{\oe}$ `\text{\oe}`| $\text{\j}$ `\text{\j}` |
| $\daleth$ `\daleth` | $\hslash$ `\hslash` | $\Bbbk$ `\Bbbk` | $\text{\OE}$ `\text{\OE}`| |
Direct Input: $∂ ∇ Ⅎ ℵ ℶ ℷ ℸ ⅁ ℏ$ ð <br>
ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖÙÚÛÜÝÞß<br>àáâãäåçèéêëìíîïðñòóôöùúûüýþÿ
**Unicode Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols**
| Item| Range | Item| Range |
|--------------|---------------|---------------------|---------------|
| Bold| A-Z a-z 0-9 | Double-struck| A-Z k |
| Italic | A-Z a-z| Sans serif| A-Z a-z 0-9 |
| Bold Italic | A-Z a-z| Sans serif bold | A-Z a-z 0-9 |
| Script | A-Z | Sans serif italic | A-Z a-z|
| Fractur| A-Z a-z| Monospace | A-Z a-z 0-9 |
**Unicode**
The letters listed above will render in any KaTeX rendering mode.
If the KaTeX rendering mode is set to `strict: false` or `strict:"warn"` (default), then KaTeX will accept all Unicode letters. The letters not listed above will be rendered from system fonts, not KaTeX-supplied fonts, so their typography may clash. They may also cause small vertical alignment issues. KaTeX has detailed metrics for glyphs in Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic, but other glyphs are treated as if they are each as tall as the letter M.
For Persian composite characters, a user-supplied [plug-in](https://github.com/HosseinAgha/persian-katex-plugin) is under development.
## Layout
### Annotation
|||
|:------------------------------|:-----
|$\cancel{5}$ `\cancel{5}`|$\overbrace{a+b+c}^{\text{note}}$ `\overbrace{a+b+c}^{\text{note}}`
|$\bcancel{5}$ `\bcancel{5}` |$\underbrace{a+b+c}_{\text{note}}$ `\underbrace{a+b+c}_{\text{note}}`
|$\xcancel{ABC}$ `\xcancel{ABC}`|$\not =$ `\not =`
|$\sout{abc}$ `\sout{abc}`|$\boxed{\pi=\frac c d}$ `\boxed{\pi=\frac c d}`
`\tag{hi} x+y^{2x}`
$$\tag{hi} x+y^{2x}$$
`\tag*{hi} x+y^{2x}`
$$\tag*{hi} x+y^{2x}$$
### Line Breaks and Vertical Layout
KaTeX 0.10.0+ will insert automatic line breaks in inline math after relations or binary operators such as “=” or “+”. These can be suppressed by placing math inside a pair of braces, as in `{F=ma}`.
Hard line breaks are `\\` and `\newline`.
In display math, KaTeX does not insert automatic line breaks. It ignores display math hard line breaks when rendering option `strict: true`.
**Vertical Layout**
||||
|:--------------|:----------------------------------------|:-----
|$x_n$ `x_n` |$\stackrel{!}{=}$ `\stackrel{!}{=}` |$a \atop b$ `a \atop b`
|$e^x$ `e^x` |$\overset{!}{=}$ `\overset{!}{=}` |$a\raisebox{0.25em}{b}c$ `a\raisebox{0.25em}{b}c`
|$_u^o $ `_u^o `|$\underset{!}{=}$ `\underset{!}{=}`| $~$
The second argument of `\raisebox` can contain math if it is nested within `$…$` delimiters, as in `\raisebox{0.25em}{$\frac a b$}`
### Overlap and Spacing
|||
|:-------|:-------|
|${=}\mathllap{/\,}$ `{=}\mathllap{/\,}` | $\left(x^{\smash{2}}\right)$ `\left(x^{\smash{2}}\right)`
|$\mathrlap{\,/}{=}$ `\mathrlap{\,/}{=}` | $\sqrt{\smash[b]{y}}$ `\sqrt{\smash[b]{y}} `
$\displaystyle\sum_{\mathclap{1\le i\le j\le n}} x_{ij}$ `\sum_{\mathclap{1\le i\le j\le n}} x_{ij}`
KaTeX also supports `\llap`, `\rlap`, and `\clap`, but they will take only text, not math, as arguments.
**Spacing**
| Function | Produces | Function | Produces|
|:----------------|:-------------------|:----------------------|:--------------------------------------|
| `\!`| ³∕₁₈ em space | `\kern{distance}` | space, width = *distance* |
| `\,`| ³∕₁₈ em space| `\mkern{distance}` | space, width = *distance* |
| `\thinspace` | ³∕₁₈ em space| `\skip{distance}` | space, width = *distance* |
| `\:`| ⁴∕₁₈ em space| `\mskip{distance}` | space, width = *distance* |
| `\medspace` | ⁴∕₁₈ em space| `\hspace{distance}`| space, width = *distance* |
| `\;`| ⁵∕₁₈ em space| `\hspace\*{distance}` | space, width = *distance* |
| `\thickspace`| ⁵∕₁₈ em space| `\phantom{content}`| space the width and height of content |
| `\enspace`| ½ em space| `\hphantom{content}` | space the width of content|
| `\quad`| 1 em space| `\vphantom{content}` | a strut the height of content|
| `\qquad` | 2 em space| ||
| `~`| non-breaking space | ||
| `\<space>` | space | ||
| `\nobreakspace` | non-breaking space | ||
| `\space` | space | ||
**Notes:**
`distance` will accept any of the [KaTeX units](#units).
`\kern`, `\mkern`, and `\hspace` accept unbraced distances, as in: `\kern1em`.
`\mkern` and `\mskip` will not work in text mode and both will write a console warning for any unit except `mu`.
## Logic and Set Theory
|||||
|:--------------------|:--------------------------|:----------------------------------|:-----
|$\forall$ `\forall` |$\complement$ `\complement`|$\therefore$ `\therefore` |$\neg$ `\neg` or `\lnot`
|$\exists$ `\exists` |$\subset$ `\subset` |$\because$ `\because` |$\emptyset$ `\emptyset`
|$\nexists$ `\nexists`|$\supset$ `\supset` |$\mapsto$ `\mapsto` |$\varnothing$ `\varnothing`
|$\in$ `\in` |$\mid$ `\mid` |$\to$ `\to`|$\implies$ `\implies`
|$\notin$ `\notin` |$\land$ `\land`|$\gets$ `\gets` |$\impliedby$ `\impliedby`
|$\ni$ `\ni` |$\lor$ `\lor` |$\leftrightarrow$ `\leftrightarrow`|$\iff$ `\iff`
|$\notni$ `\notni` || |
Direct Input:`∀ ∴ ∁ ∵ ∃ ∈ ∉ ∋ ⊂ ⊃ ∧ ↦ → ← ↔ ¬ ℂ `
## Macros
|||
|:-------------------------------------|:------
|$\def\foo{x^2} \foo + \foo$ | `\def\foo{x^2} \foo + \foo`
|$\gdef\bar#1{#1^2} \bar{y} + \bar{y}$ | `\gdef\bar#1{#1^2} \bar{y} + \bar{y}`
|$~$ | `\global\def\macroname#1#2…{definition}`
|$~$ | `\newcommand\macroname[numargs]{definition}`
|$~$ | `\renewcommand\macroname[numargs]{definition}`
|$~$ | `\providecommand\macroname[numargs]{definition}`
Macros can also be defined in the KaTeX [rendering options](./options).
Macros accept up to ten arguments: #1, #2, etc.
`\gdef` and `\global\def` macros will persist between math expressions.
Available functions include:
`\mathchoice` `\TextOrMath` `\@ifstar` `\@ifnextchar` `\@firstoftwo` `\@secondoftwo` `\relax`
@ is a valid character for commands, as if `\makeatletter` were in effect.
## Operators
### Big Operators
|||||
|----------|-------------|-------------|--------------|
| $\sum$ `\sum` | $\prod$ `\prod`| $\bigvee$ `\bigvee` | $\bigotimes$ `\bigotimes`
| $\int$ `\int` | $\coprod$ `\coprod` | $\bigwedge$ `\bigwedge` | $\bigoplus$ `\bigoplus`
| $\iint$ `\iint`| $\intop$ `\intop` | $\bigcap$ `\bigcap` | $\bigodot$ `\bigodot`
| $\iiint$ `\iiint` | $\smallint$ `\smallint` | $\bigcup$ `\bigcup` | $\biguplus$ `\biguplus`
| $\oint$ `\oint`| | $\bigsqcup$ `\bigsqcup` |
Direct Input: $∫ ∬ ∭ ∮ ∏ ∐ ∑ ⋀ ⨀ ⨁ ⨂ ⨄ ⨆$
### Binary Operators
|||||
|-------------|-------------------|-------------------|--------------------|
| $+$ `+`| $\cdot$ `\cdot` | $\gtrdot$ `\gtrdot`| $x \pmod a$ `x \pmod a`|
| $-$ `-`| $\cdotp$ `\cdotp` | $\intercal$ `\intercal` | $x \pod a$ `x \pod a` |
| $/$ `/`| $\centerdot$ `\centerdot`| $\land$ `\land` | $\rhd$ `\rhd` |
| $*$ `*`| $\circ$ `\circ` | $\leftthreetimes$ `\leftthreetimes` | $\rightthreetimes$ `\rightthreetimes` |
| $\amalg$ `\amalg` | $\circledast$ `\circledast` | $\ldotp$ `\ldotp` | $\rtimes$ `\rtimes` |
| $\And$ `\And`| $\circledcirc$ `\circledcirc` | $\lor$ `\lor`| $\setminus$ `\setminus` |
| $\ast$ `\ast`| $\circleddash$ `\circleddash` | $\lessdot$ `\lessdot` | $\smallsetminus$ `\smallsetminus`|
| $\barwedge$ `\barwedge` | $\Cup$ `\Cup`| $\lhd$ `\lhd`| $\sqcap$ `\sqcap` |
| $\bigcirc$ `\bigcirc` | $\cup$ `\cup`| $\ltimes$ `\ltimes`| $\sqcup$ `\sqcup` |
| $\bmod$ `\bmod` | $\curlyvee$ `\curlyvee` | $x \mod a$ `x\mod a`| $\times$ `\times` |
| $\boxdot$ `\boxdot`| $\curlywedge$ `\curlywedge` | $\mp$ `\mp` | $\unlhd$ `\unlhd` |
| $\boxminus$ `\boxminus` | $\div$ `\div`| $\odot$ `\odot` | $\unrhd$ `\unrhd` |
| $\boxplus$ `\boxplus` | $\divideontimes$ `\divideontimes` | $\ominus$ `\ominus`| $\uplus$ `\uplus` |
| $\boxtimes$ `\boxtimes` | $\dotplus$ `\dotplus` | $\oplus$ `\oplus` | $\vee$ `\vee` |
| $\bullet$ `\bullet`| $\doublebarwedge$ `\doublebarwedge` | $\otimes$ `\otimes`| $\veebar$ `\veebar` |
| $\Cap$ `\Cap`| $\doublecap$ `\doublecap`| $\oslash$ `\oslash`| $\wedge$ `\wedge` |
| $\cap$ `\cap`| $\doublecup$ `\doublecup`| $\pm$ `\pm` | $\wr$ `\wr` |
Direct Input: $+ - / * ⋅ ± × ÷ ∓ ∔ ∧ ≀ ⊎ ⊓ ⊔ ⊕ ⊖ ⊗ ⊘ ⊙ ⊚ ⊛ ⊝$
### Fractions and Binomial Coefficients
||||
|:--------------------------|:----------------------------|:-----
|$\frac{a}{b}$ `\frac{a}{b}`|$\tfrac{a}{b}$ `\tfrac{a}{b}`|${a}/{b}$ `{a}/{b}`
|${a}\over{b}$ `{a}\over{b}`|$\dfrac{a}{b}$ `\dfrac{a}{b}`|$\cfrac{a}{1 + \cfrac{1}{b}}$ `\cfrac{a}{1 + \cfrac{1}{b}}`
|||
|:------------------------------|:-----
|$\binom{n}{k}$ `\binom{n}{k}` |$\dbinom{n}{k}$ `\dbinom{n}{k}`
|${n}\choose{k}$ `{n}\choose{k}`|$\tbinom{n}{k}$ `\tbinom{n}{k}`
### Math Operators
|||||
|-----------|---------|-----------------|-----------|
| $\arcsin$ `\arcsin` | $\cotg$ `\cotg` | $\ln$ `\ln` | $\det$ `\det` |
| $\arccos$ `\arccos` | $\coth$ `\coth` | $\log$ `\log` | $\gcd$ `\gcd` |
| $\arctan$ `\arctan` | $\csc$ `\csc` | $\sec$ `\sec` | $\inf$ `\inf` |
| $\arctg$ `\arctg` | $\ctg$ `\ctg` | $\sin$ `\sin` | $\lim$ `\lim` |
| $\arcctg$ `\arcctg` | $\cth$ `\cth` | $\sinh$ `\sinh`| $\liminf$ `\liminf` |
| $\arg$ `\arg` | $\deg$ `\deg` | $\sh$ `\sh` | $\limsup$ `\limsup` |
| $\ch$ `\ch` | $\dim$ `\dim` | $\tan$ `\tan` | $\max$ `\max` |
| $\cos$ `\cos` | $\exp$ `\exp` | $\tanh$ `\tanh`| $\min$ `\min` |
| $\cosec$ `\cosec` | $\hom$ `\hom` | $\tg$ `\tg` | $\Pr$ `\Pr` |
| $\cosh$ `\cosh`| $\ker$ `\ker` | $\th$ `\th` | $\sup$ `\sup` |
| $\cot$ `\cot` | $\lg$ `\lg`| $\operatorname{f}$ `\operatorname{f}` | |
Functions on the right column of this table can take `\limits`.
### \sqrt
$\sqrt{x}$ `\sqrt{x}`
$\sqrt[3]{x}$ `\sqrt[3]{x}`
## Relations
$\stackrel{!}{=}$ `\stackrel{!}{=}`
|||||
|:----------------------------|:--------------------------------|:--------------------------------|:-----
|$=$ `=` |$\eqcirc$ `\eqcirc` |$\lesseqgtr$ `\lesseqgtr` |$\sqsupset$ `\sqsupset`
|$<$ `<` |$\eqcolon$ `\eqcolon`|$\lesseqqgtr$ `\lesseqqgtr`|$\sqsupseteq$ `\sqsupseteq`
|$>$ `>` |$\Eqcolon$ `\Eqcolon`|$\lessgtr$ `\lessgtr`|$\Subset$ `\Subset`
|$:$ `:` |$\eqqcolon$ `\eqqcolon` |$\lesssim$ `\lesssim`|$\subset$ `\subset`
|$\approx$ `\approx` |$\Eqqcolon$ `\Eqqcolon` |$\ll$ `\ll` |$\subseteq$ `\subseteq`
|$\approxeq$ `\approxeq`|$\eqsim$ `\eqsim` |$\lll$ `\lll` |$\subseteqq$ `\subseteqq`
|$\asymp$ `\asymp`|$\eqslantgtr$ `\eqslantgtr`|$\llless$ `\llless` |$\succ$ `\succ`
|$\backepsilon$ `\backepsilon`|$\eqslantless$ `\eqslantless` |$\lt$ `\lt` |$\succapprox$ `\succapprox`
|$\backsim$ `\backsim` |$\equiv$ `\equiv` |$\mid$ `\mid` |$\succcurlyeq$ `\succcurlyeq`
|$\backsimeq$ `\backsimeq` |$\fallingdotseq$ `\fallingdotseq`|$\models$ `\models` |$\succeq$ `\succeq`
|$\between$ `\between` |$\frown$ `\frown` |$\multimap$ `\multimap` |$\succsim$ `\succsim`
|$\bowtie$ `\bowtie` |$\ge$ `\ge` |$\owns$ `\owns`|$\Supset$ `\Supset`
|$\bumpeq$ `\bumpeq` |$\geq$ `\geq` |$\parallel$ `\parallel` |$\supset$ `\supset`
|$\Bumpeq$ `\Bumpeq` |$\geqq$ `\geqq`|$\perp$ `\perp`|$\supseteq$ `\supseteq`
|$\circeq$ `\circeq` |$\geqslant$ `\geqslant` |$\pitchfork$ `\pitchfork` |$\supseteqq$ `\supseteqq`
|$\colonapprox$ `\colonapprox`|$\gg$ `\gg` |$\prec$ `\prec`|$\thickapprox$ `\thickapprox`
|$\Colonapprox$ `\Colonapprox`|$\ggg$ `\ggg` |$\precapprox$ `\precapprox`|$\thicksim$ `\thicksim`
|$\coloneq$ `\coloneq` |$\gggtr$ `\gggtr` |$\preccurlyeq$ `\preccurlyeq` |$\trianglelefteq$ `\trianglelefteq`
|$\Coloneq$ `\Coloneq` |$\gt$ `\gt` |$\preceq$ `\preceq` |$\triangleq$ `\triangleq`
|$\coloneqq$ `\coloneqq`|$\gtrapprox$ `\gtrapprox` |$\precsim$ `\precsim`|$\trianglerighteq$ `\trianglerighteq`
|$\Coloneqq$ `\Coloneqq`|$\gtreqless$ `\gtreqless` |$\propto$ `\propto` |$\varpropto$ `\varpropto`
|$\colonsim$ `\colonsim`|$\gtreqqless$ `\gtreqqless`|$\risingdotseq$ `\risingdotseq` |$\vartriangle$ `\vartriangle`
|$\Colonsim$ `\Colonsim`|$\gtrless$ `\gtrless`|$\shortmid$ `\shortmid` |$\vartriangleleft$ `\vartriangleleft`
|$\cong$ `\cong` |$\gtrsim$ `\gtrsim` |$\shortparallel$ `\shortparallel`|$\vartriangleright$ `\vartriangleright`
|$\curlyeqprec$ `\curlyeqprec`|$\in$ `\in` |$\sim$ `\sim` |$\vcentcolon$ `\vcentcolon`
|$\curlyeqsucc$ `\curlyeqsucc`|$\Join$ `\Join`|$\simeq$ `\simeq` |$\vdash$ `\vdash`
|$\dashv$ `\dashv`|$\le$ `\le` |$\smallfrown$ `\smallfrown`|$\vDash$ `\vDash`
|$\dblcolon$ `\dblcolon`|$\leq$ `\leq` |$\smallsmile$ `\smallsmile`|$\Vdash$ `\Vdash`
|$\doteq$ `\doteq`|$\leqq$ `\leqq`|$\smile$ `\smile` |$\Vvdash$ `\Vvdash`
|$\Doteq$ `\Doteq`|$\leqslant$ `\leqslant` |$\sqsubset$ `\sqsubset` |
|$\doteqdot$ `\doteqdot`|$\lessapprox$ `\lessapprox`|$\sqsubseteq$ `\sqsubseteq`|
Direct Input: $= < > : ∈ ∋ ∝ ∽ ≂ ≃ ≅ ≈ ≊ ≍ ≎ ≏ ≐ ≑ ≒ ≓ ≖ ≗ ≜ ≡ ≤ ≥ ≦ ≧$<br>
$≫ ≬ ≳ ≷ ≺ ≻ ≼ ≽ ≾ ≿ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇ ⊏ ⊐ ⊑ ⊒ ⊢ ⊣ ⊩ ⊪ ⊸ ⋈ ⋍ ⋐ ⋑ ⋔ ⋙ ⋛ ⋞ ⋟ ⌢ ⌣$ <br>
$⩾ ⪆ ⪌ ⪕ ⪖ ⪯ ⪰ ⪷ ⪸ ⫅ ⫆ ≲ ⩽ ⪅ ≶ ⋚ ⪋ ⟂ ⊨ ≔ ≕ ⩴$
### Negated Relations
$\not =$ `\not =`
|||||
|--------------|-------------------|---------------------|------------------|
| $\gnapprox$ `\gnapprox` | $\ngeqslant$ `\ngeqslant`| $\nsubseteq$ `\nsubseteq` | $\precneqq$ `\precneqq`|
| $\gneq$ `\gneq`| $\ngtr$ `\ngtr` | $\nsubseteqq$ `\nsubseteqq` | $\precnsim$ `\precnsim`|
| $\gneqq$ `\gneqq` | $\nleq$ `\nleq` | $\nsucc$ `\nsucc`| $\subsetneq$ `\subsetneq` |
| $\gnsim$ `\gnsim` | $\nleqq$ `\nleqq` | $\nsucceq$ `\nsucceq` | $\subsetneqq$ `\subsetneqq` |
| $\gvertneqq$ `\gvertneqq` | $\nleqslant$ `\nleqslant`| $\nsupseteq$ `\nsupseteq` | $\succnapprox$ `\succnapprox`|
| $\lnapprox$ `\lnapprox` | $\nless$ `\nless` | $\nsupseteqq$ `\nsupseteqq` | $\succneqq$ `\succneqq`|
| $\lneq$ `\lneq`| $\nmid$ `\nmid` | $\ntriangleleft$ `\ntriangleleft` | $\succnsim$ `\succnsim`|
| $\lneqq$ `\lneqq` | $\notin$ `\notin` | $\ntrianglelefteq$ `\ntrianglelefteq` | $\supsetneq$ `\supsetneq` |
| $\lnsim$ `\lnsim` | $\notni$ `\notni` | $\ntriangleright$ `\ntriangleright`| $\supsetneqq$ `\supsetneqq` |
| $\lvertneqq$ `\lvertneqq` | $\nparallel$ `\nparallel`| $\ntrianglerighteq$ `\ntrianglerighteq` | $\varsubsetneq$ `\varsubsetneq` |
| $\ncong$ `\ncong` | $\nprec$ `\nprec` | $\nvdash$ `\nvdash` | $\varsubsetneqq$ `\varsubsetneqq` |
| $\ne$ `\ne` | $\npreceq$ `\npreceq` | $\nvDash$ `\nvDash` | $\varsupsetneq$ `\varsupsetneq` |
| $\neq$ `\neq` | $\nshortmid$ `\nshortmid`| $\nVDash$ `\nVDash` | $\varsupsetneqq$ `\varsupsetneqq` |
| $\ngeq$ `\ngeq`| $\nshortparallel$ `\nshortparallel` | $\nVdash$ `\nVdash` ||
| $\ngeqq$ `\ngeqq` | $\nsim$ `\nsim` | $\precnapprox$ `\precnapprox`||
Direct Input: $∉ ∌ ∤ ∦ ≁ ≆ ≠ ≨ ≩ ≮ ≯ ≰ ≱ ⊀ ⊁ ⊈ ⊉ ⊊ ⊋ ⊬ ⊭ ⊮ ⊯ ⋠ ⋡$<br>
$⋦ ⋧ ⋨ ⋩ ⋬ ⋭ ⪇ ⪈ ⪉ ⪊ ⪵ ⪶ ⪹ ⪺ ⫋ ⫌$
### Arrows
||||
|:--------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------|:-----
|$\circlearrowleft$ `\circlearrowleft` |$\Leftrightarrow$ `\Leftrightarrow` |$\rightarrow$ `\rightarrow`
|$\circlearrowright$ `\circlearrowright`|$\leftrightarrows$ `\leftrightarrows` |$\Rightarrow$ `\Rightarrow`
|$\curvearrowleft$ `\curvearrowleft` |$\leftrightharpoons$ `\leftrightharpoons` |$\rightarrowtail$ `\rightarrowtail`
|$\curvearrowright$ `\curvearrowright` |$\leftrightsquigarrow$ `\leftrightsquigarrow`|$\rightharpoondown$ `\rightharpoondown`
|$\dashleftarrow$ `\dashleftarrow`|$\Lleftarrow$ `\Lleftarrow`|$\rightharpoonup$ `\rightharpoonup`
|$\dashrightarrow$ `\dashrightarrow` |$\longleftarrow$ `\longleftarrow`|$\rightleftarrows$ `\rightleftarrows`
|$\downarrow$ `\downarrow` |$\Longleftarrow$ `\Longleftarrow`|$\rightleftharpoons$ `\rightleftharpoons`
|$\Downarrow$ `\Downarrow` |$\longleftrightarrow$ `\longleftrightarrow` |$\rightrightarrows$ `\rightrightarrows`
|$\downdownarrows$ `\downdownarrows` |$\Longleftrightarrow$ `\Longleftrightarrow` |$\rightsquigarrow$ `\rightsquigarrow`
|$\downharpoonleft$ `\downharpoonleft` |$\longmapsto$ `\longmapsto`|$\Rrightarrow$ `\Rrightarrow`
|$\downharpoonright$ `\downharpoonright`|$\longrightarrow$ `\longrightarrow` |$\Rsh$ `\Rsh`
|$\gets$ `\gets`|$\Longrightarrow$ `\Longrightarrow` |$\searrow$ `\searrow`
|$\hookleftarrow$ `\hookleftarrow`|$\looparrowleft$ `\looparrowleft`|$\swarrow$ `\swarrow`
|$\hookrightarrow$ `\hookrightarrow` |$\looparrowright$ `\looparrowright` |$\to$ `\to`
|$\iff$ `\iff` |$\Lsh$ `\Lsh` |$\twoheadleftarrow$ `\twoheadleftarrow`
|$\impliedby$ `\impliedby` |$\mapsto$ `\mapsto` |$\twoheadrightarrow$ `\twoheadrightarrow`
|$\implies$ `\implies`|$\nearrow$ `\nearrow`|$\uparrow$ `\uparrow`
|$\leadsto$ `\leadsto`|$\nleftarrow$ `\nleftarrow`|$\Uparrow$ `\Uparrow`
|$\leftarrow$ `\leftarrow` |$\nLeftarrow$ `\nLeftarrow`|$\updownarrow$ `\updownarrow`
|$\Leftarrow$ `\Leftarrow` |$\nleftrightarrow$ `\nleftrightarrow` |$\Updownarrow$ `\Updownarrow`
|$\leftarrowtail$ `\leftarrowtail`|$\nLeftrightarrow$ `\nLeftrightarrow` |$\upharpoonleft$ `\upharpoonleft`
|$\leftharpoondown$ `\leftharpoondown` |$\nrightarrow$ `\nrightarrow` |$\upharpoonright$ `\upharpoonright`
|$\leftharpoonup$ `\leftharpoonup`|$\nRightarrow$ `\nRightarrow` |$\upuparrows$ `\upuparrows`
|$\leftleftarrows$ `\leftleftarrows` |$\nwarrow$ `\nwarrow`|
|$\leftrightarrow$ `\leftrightarrow` |$\restriction$ `\restriction` |
Direct Input∷ $← ↑ → ↓ ↔ ↕ ↖ ↗ ↘ ↙ ↚ ↛ ↞ ↠ ↢ ↣ ↦ ↩ ↪ ↫ ↬ ↭ ↮ ↰ ↱$<br>
$↶ ↷ ↺ ↻ ↼ ↽ ↾ ↾ ↿ ⇀ ⇁ ⇂ ⇃ ⇄ ⇆ ⇇ ⇈ ⇉ ⇊ ⇋ ⇌$<br>
$⇍ ⇎ ⇏ ⇐ ⇑ ⇒ ⇓ ⇔ ⇕ ⇚ ⇛ ⇝ ⇠ ⇢ ⟵ ⟶ ⟷ ⟸ ⟹ ⟺ ⟼$ ↽
**Extensible Arrows**
|||
|:----------------------------------------------------|:-----
|$\xleftarrow{abc}$ `\xleftarrow{abc}` |$\xrightarrow[under]{over}$ `\xrightarrow[under]{over}`
|$\xLeftarrow{abc}$ `\xLeftarrow{abc}` |$\xRightarrow{abc}$ `\xRightarrow{abc}`
|$\xleftrightarrow{abc}$ `\xleftrightarrow{abc}` |$\xLeftrightarrow{abc}$ `\xLeftrightarrow{abc}`
|$\xhookleftarrow{abc}$ `\xhookleftarrow{abc}` |$\xhookrightarrow{abc}$ `\xhookrightarrow{abc}`
|$\xtwoheadleftarrow{abc}$ `\xtwoheadleftarrow{abc}` |$\xtwoheadrightarrow{abc}$ `\xtwoheadrightarrow{abc}`
|$\xleftharpoonup{abc}$ `\xleftharpoonup{abc}` |$\xrightharpoonup{abc}$ `\xrightharpoonup{abc}`
|$\xleftharpoondown{abc}$ `\xleftharpoondown{abc}` |$\xrightharpoondown{abc}$ `\xrightharpoondown{abc}`
|$\xleftrightharpoons{abc}$ `\xleftrightharpoons{abc}`|$\xrightleftharpoons{abc}$ `\xrightleftharpoons{abc}`
|$\xtofrom{abc}$ `\xtofrom{abc}` |$\xmapsto{abc}$ `\xmapsto{abc}`
|$\xlongequal{abc}$ `\xlongequal{abc}` |$~$
Extensible arrows all can take an optional argument in the same manner<br>as `\xrightarrow[under]{over}`.
## Style, Color, Size, and Font
**Class Assignment**
`\mathbin` `\mathclose` `\mathinner` `\mathop`<br>
`\mathopen` `\mathord` `\mathpunct` `\mathrel`
**Color**
$\color{blue} F=ma$ `\color{blue} F=ma`
Note that KaTeX `\color` acts like a switch. This aligns with LaTeX and differs from MathJax.
Other KaTeX color functions expect the content to be a function argument:
$\textcolor{blue}{F=ma}$ `\textcolor{blue}{F=ma}`<br>
$\textcolor{#228B22}{F=ma}$ `\textcolor{#228B22}{F=ma}`<br>
$\colorbox{aqua}{A}$ `\colorbox{aqua}{A}`<br>
$\fcolorbox{red}{aqua}{A}$ `\fcolorbox{red}{aqua}{A}`
For color definition, KaTeX color functions will accept the standard HTML [predefined color names](https://www.w3schools.com/colors/colors-names.asp). They will also accept an RGB argument in CSS hexa­decimal style.
**Font**
||||
|:----------------------------------|:----------------------------------|:-----
|$\mathrm{AB}$ `\mathrm{AB}` |$\mathbf{AB}$ `\mathbf{AB}` |$\mathit{AB}$ `\mathit{AB}`
|$\textrm{AB}$ `\textrm{AB}` |$\textbf{AB}$ `\textbf{AB}` |$\textit{AB}$ `\textit{AB}`
|$\rm AB$ `\rm AB`|$\bf AB$ `\bf AB`|$\it AB$ `\it AB`
|$\textnormal{AB}$ `\textnormal{AB}`|$\bold{AB}$ `\bold{AB}`|$\Bbb{AB}$ `\Bbb{AB}`
|$\text{AB}$ `\text{AB}`|$\boldsymbol{AB}$ `\boldsymbol{AB}`|$\mathbb{AB}$ `\mathbb{AB}`
|$\mathsf{AB}$ `\mathsf{AB}` |$\bm{AB}$ `\bm{AB}` |$\frak{AB}$ `\frak{AB}`
|$\textsf{AB}$ `\textsf{AB}` |$\mathtt{AB}$ `\mathtt{AB}` |$\mathfrak{AB}$ `\mathfrak{AB}`
|$\sf AB$ `\sf AB`|$\texttt{AB}$ `\texttt{AB}` |$\mathcal{AB}$ `\mathcal{AB}`
| |$\tt AB$ `\tt AB`|$\mathscr{AB}$ `\mathscr{AB}`
One can stack font family, font weight, and font shape by using the `\textXX` versions of the font functions. So `\textsf{\textbf{H}}` will produce $\textsf{\textbf{H}}$. The other versions do not stack, e.g., `\mathsf{\mathbf{H}}` will produce $\mathsf{\mathbf{H}}$.
**Size**
|||
|:----------------------|:-----
|$\Huge AB$ `\Huge AB` |$\normalsize AB$ `\normalsize AB`
|$\huge AB$ `\huge AB` |$\small AB$ `\small AB`
|$\LARGE AB$ `\LARGE AB`|$\footnotesize AB$ `\footnotesize AB`
|$\Large AB$ `\Large AB`|$\scriptsize AB$ `\scriptsize AB`
|$\large AB$ `\large AB`|$\tiny AB$ `\tiny AB`
**Style**
|||
|:-------------------------------------------------------|:------
|$\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^n$ `\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^n` | $~$
|$\textstyle\sum_{i=1}^n$ `\textstyle\sum_{i=1}^n` | $~$
|$\scriptstyle x$ `\scriptstyle x` | The size of a first sub/superscript |
|$\scriptscriptstyle x$ `\scriptscriptstyle x` | The size of subsequent sub/superscripts |
|$\lim\limits_x$ `\lim\limits_x` | $~$
|$\lim\nolimits_x$ `\lim\nolimits_x`| $~$
|$\verb!x^2!$ `\verb!x^2!` | $~$
`\text{…}` will accept nested `$…$` fragments and render them in math mode.
## Symbols and Punctuation
||||
|:------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------|:-----
| `% comment` |$\dots$ `\dots`|$\nabla$ `\nabla`
|$\%$ `\%` |$\cdots$ `\cdots` |$\infty$ `\infty`
|$\#$ `\#` |$\ddots$ `\ddots` |$\checkmark$ `\checkmark`
|$\&$ `\&` |$\ldots$ `\ldots` |$\dag$ `\dag`
|$\_$ `\_` |$\vdots$ `\vdots` |$\dagger$ `\dagger`
|$\text{\textunderscore}$ `\text{\textunderscore}`|$\mathellipsis$ `\mathellipsis` |$\text{\textdagger}$ `\text{\textdagger}`
|$\text{--}$ `\text{--}` |$\text{\textellipsis}$ `\text{\textellipsis}`|$\ddag$ `\ddag`
|$\text{\textendash}$ `\text{\textendash}` |$\Box$ `\Box` |$\ddagger$ `\ddagger`
|$\text{---}$ `\text{---}`|$\square$ `\square` |$\text{\textdaggerdbl}$ `\text{\textdaggerdbl}`
|$\text{\textemdash}$ `\text{\textemdash}` |$\blacksquare$ `\blacksquare` |$\angle$ `\angle`
|$\text{\textasciitilde}$ `\text{\textasciitilde}`|$\triangle$ `\triangle` |$\measuredangle$ `\measuredangle`
|$`$ ```|$\triangledown$ `\triangledown` |$\sphericalangle$ `\sphericalangle`
|$\text{\textquoteleft}$ `\text{\textquoteleft}` |$\triangleleft$ `\triangleleft` |$\top$ `\top`
|$\lq$ `\lq` |$\triangleright$ `\triangleright`|$\bot$ `\bot`
|$\text{\textquoteright}$ `\text{\textquoteright}`|$\bigtriangledown$ `\bigtriangledown` |$\text{\textdollar}$ `\$`
|$\rq$ `\rq` |$\bigtriangleup$ `\bigtriangleup`|$\text{\textdollar}$ `\text{\textdollar}`
|$\text{\textquotedblleft}$ `\text{\textquotedblleft}` |$\blacktriangle$ `\blacktriangle`|$\pounds$ `\pounds`
|$"$ `"`|$\blacktriangledown$ `\blacktriangledown` |$\text{\textsterling}$ `\text{\textsterling}`
|$\text{\textquotedblright}$ `\text{\textquotedblright}`|$\blacktriangleleft$ `\blacktriangleleft` |$\yen$ `\yen`
|$\colon$ `\colon` |$\blacktriangleright$ `\blacktriangleright` |$\surd$ `\surd`
|$\backprime$ `\backprime`|$\diamond$ `\diamond`|$\degree$ `\degree`
|$\prime$ `\prime` |$\Diamond$ `\Diamond`|$\diagdown$ `\diagdown`
|$\text{\textless}$ `\text{\textless}`|$\lozenge$ `\lozenge`|$\diagup$ `\diagup`
|$\text{\textgreater}$ `\text{\textgreater}`|$\blacklozenge$ `\blacklozenge` |$\flat$ `\flat`
|$\text{\textbar}$ `\text{\textbar}` |$\star$ `\star`|$\natural$ `\natural`
|$\text{\textbardbl}$ `\text{\textbardbl}` |$\bigstar$ `\bigstar`|$\sharp$ `\sharp`
|$\text{\textbraceleft}$ `\text{\textbraceleft}` |$\clubsuit$ `\clubsuit` |$\copyright$ `\copyright`
|$\text{\textbraceright}$ `\text{\textbraceright}`|$\diamondsuit$ `\diamondsuit` |$\circledR$ `\circledR`
|$\text{\P}$ `\text{\P}` |$\heartsuit$ `\heartsuit` |$\text{\textregistered}$ `\text{\textregistered}`
|$\text{\S}$ `\text{\S}` |$\spadesuit$ `\spadesuit` |$\circledS$ `\circledS`
|$\maltese$ `\maltese` |$\mho$ `\mho` |$\text{\textcircled a}$ `\text{\textcircled a}`
$\KaTeX$ `\KaTeX` $\LaTeX$ `\LaTeX`$\TeX$ `\TeX`
Direct Input: $£ ¥ ∇ ∞ · ∠ ∡ ∢ ♠ ♡ ♢ ♣ ♭ ♮ ♯ ✓ … ⋮ ⋯ ⋱ !$ ‼
## Units
In KaTeX, units are proportioned as they are in TeX.<br>
KaTeX units are different than CSS units.
| KaTeX Unit | Value | KaTeX Unit | Value |
|:--------------:|:------------------------|:--------------:|:--------------------|
| em | CSS em| bp | 1/72 inch × F × G|
| ex | CSS ex| pc | 12 KaTeX pt|
| mu | 1/18 CSS em | dd | 1238/1157 KaTeX pt |
| pt | 1/72.27 inch × F × G    | cc | 14856/1157 KaTeX pt |
| mm | 1 mm × F × G| nd | 685/642 KaTeX pt |
| cm | 1 cm × F × G| nc | 1370/107 KaTeX pt|
| in | 1 inch × F × G | sp | 1/65536 KaTeX pt |
where:
F = (font size of surrounding HTML text)/(10 pt)
G = 1.21 by default, because KaTeX font-size is normally 1.21 × the surrounding font size. This value [can be over-ridden](./font.html#font-size-and-lengths) by the CSS of an HTML page.